The retina is a piece of neural tissue that lines the back of the eye. It absorbs light, processes images, and sends information to the brain.
Axons from the retina to the brain converge at the optic disk, a hole in the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.  If an image falls on this hole, it can’t be seen– the blind spot.
The visual receptor cells in the axon are the rods (for black and white and low light vision) and the cones (for color and daylight vision).
Adaptation, or becoming more or less sensitive to light as needed, occurs in part due to chemical changes in the rods and cones.
Receptive fields are the collection of rod and cone receptors that funnel signals to a particular visual cell in the retina.
Lateral antagonism, or lateral inhibition, occurs when neural activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells.