Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study
of a. | observable
behavior | b. | conscious experience | c. | unconscious
motivation | d. | the functions of behavior | | |
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2.
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Dr.
Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary
to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to
produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are most consistent with a. | the behaviorist
approach to psychology | b. | the functionalist approach to
psychology | c. | the structuralist approach to
psychology | d. | the psychoanalytic approach to
psychology | | |
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3.
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The
type of psychologist who would be most likely to study rats in a laboratory setting would be
a a. | behaviorist | b. | structuralist | c. | psychoanalyst | d. | Gestalt psychologist | | |
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4.
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Which
type of psychologist would be LEAST likely to generalize from studies of animal subjects to
human behavior? a. | a
psychoanalyst | b. | a behaviorist | c. | a
humanist | d. | a cognitive psychologist | | |
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5.
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Margaret is an industrial psychologist who advises companies on how to improve worker
morale. As a psychologist who attempts to solve practical problems, Margaret would most likely be
considered a. | an academic
psychologist | b. | an applied psychologist | c. | a behavioral
psychologist | d. | a humanistic psychologist | | |
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6.
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Which
of the following groups is most likely to have been used as subjects for psychological
research? a. | a variety of
individuals | b. | lower-class males | c. | lower-class
males and females | d. | middle- and upper-class white males | | |
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7.
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Evolutionary psychologists would most likely explain females' greater emphasis on
potential mates' economic resources by suggesting that it a. | increases
resources available for their children | b. | supports their innate need for a large
territory | c. | allows them to acquire a greater variety of time-saving
appliances | d. | increases females' confidence about the maternity of their
children | | |
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8.
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The
concept of culture is most closely related to which of the following? a. | an individual's
collective unconscious | b. | a genetic predisposition to behave in a particular
way | c. | unconscious
urges to satisfy one's basic instincts | d. | widely shared customs, beliefs, and values among members of a
group | | |
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9.
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The
scientific method is designed to a. | utilize subjectivity | b. | counteract
subjectivity | c. | ignore subjectivity | d. | enhance
subjectivity | | |
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10.
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The
word "critical" in the term "critical thinking" is generally meant to convey
that a. | thinking is
essential to success in our culture | b. | critical thinkers are vigilant about their
thinking | c. | the skills of effective thinking are learned early in
life | d. | effective
critical thinkers tend to be judgmental of others' views | | |
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11.
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Hypotheses are typically expressed as a. | theories | b. | variables | c. | predictions | d. | statistics | | |
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12.
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The
experiment is a research method in which the investigator a. | systematically
observes two variables to see whether there is an association between them | b. | observes
behavior as it occurs in its natural environment | c. | conducts an
in-depth investigation of an individual subject | d. | manipulates a
variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether there are changes in a second
variable as a result | | |
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13.
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A
group of researchers wants to determine if people are more likely to follow directions if the person
giving the directions is in a uniform. Half the participants are directed to a parking spot by a
uniformed security guard, the other half are directed to a parking spot by an individual wearing blue
jeans and a t-shirt. In this study, the dependent variable would be a. | the number of
participants who park in the spot they are directed to | b. | the type of
clothing worn by the person giving the directions | c. | the gender of
the person driving into the parking lot | d. | the distance between the parking spot and the
entrance | | |
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14.
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If we
were to measure the height and weight of 100 adult women, we would find that these two measures
are a. | uncorrelated | b. | increasingly correlated | c. | negatively
correlated | d. | positively correlated | | |
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15.
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One
advantage of naturalistic observation is that it a. | approximates the experimental method | b. | allows for
cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn | c. | allows behavior to be studied in realistic
settings | d. | involves random assignment | | |
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16.
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A
researcher who is conducting an opinion survey asks viewers who are watching a political debate to
dial a 1-800 number and record their opinion to the "question of the day." In this case the
researcher is likely to have a. | a representative sample | b. | a random
sample | c. | a biased sample | d. | a random
population | | |
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17.
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Experimenter bias occurs when a. | experimenters explicitly instruct the subjects to behave in a
way that will be consistent with the hypothesis | b. | experimenters
desire to make a favorable impression on their subjects | c. | experimenters'
beliefs in their own hypotheses affect either the subjects' behavior or their observations of the
subjects | d. | experimenters conduct their studies in a completely objective
manner | | |
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18.
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Which
of the following is the correct sequence of information flow within a neuron? a. | dendrites to
soma to axon | b. | axon to soma to dendrites | c. | glia to
dendrites to axon | d. | dendrites to axon to glia | | |
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19.
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When
a neurotransmitter is released, but it does not fit into a suitable receptor channel on the
postsynaptic neuron a. | an inhibitory postsynaptic potential will be
generated | b. | an excitatory postsynaptic potential will be
generated | c. | the strength of the action potential in the presynaptic neuron
will increase | d. | the firing potential of the postsynaptic neuron will not be
affected | | |
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20.
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The
somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system comprise the a. | central nervous
system | b. | peripheral nervous system | c. | skeletal nervous
system | d. | afferent nervous system | | |
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21.
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The
__________ is most likely to be in control of bodily processes during periods of rest and recovery
for the body. a. | somatic nervous
system | b. | sympathetic nervous system | c. | parasympathetic
nervous system | d. | hypothalamus | | |
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22.
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Sigourney's doctors think she might have a tumor, and they would like to use a
brain-imaging technique that will provide them with an accurate image of her brain structure. The
technique that they are most likely to use would be a. | a positron
emission tomography (PET) scan | b. | a computerized tomography (CT) scan | c. | electrical
stimulation of the brain (ESB) | d. | an electroencephalograph (EEG)
recording | | |
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23.
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The
structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the a. | corpus
callosum | b. | pineal gland | c. | thalamus | d. | parietal lobe | | |
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24.
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If
you experience damage to Broca's area, you can expect to have difficulty a. | being
creative | b. | controlling your arms and legs | c. | speaking | d. | hearing | | |
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25.
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In
both split-brain people and neurologically intact people, the left hemisphere specializes
in a. | verbal
processing | b. | visual recognition | c. | spatial
perception | d. | verbal processing and spatial
perception | | |
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26.
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It
appears that most human characteristics are influenced by a. | a single
gene | b. | a single pair of
genes | c. | the father's genetic endowment more than the
mother's | d. | more than one pair of genes | | |
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27.
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Humans' taste preferences for fatty substances may be one example of a. | the paradox of
inclusive fitness | b. | an adaptation that has become a
liability | c. | genetic drift across several
generations | d. | recessive genes mutating into dominant
traits | | |
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28.
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The
brain structure which is responsible for the human ability to engage in higher mental activity such
as thinking and philosophizing is the a. | corpus callosum | b. | cerebrum | c. | cerebellum | d. | hypothalamus | | |
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29.
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In
bright sunlight, the pupil of the eye is a. | the same size as it is in a dark room | b. | dilated | c. | constricted | d. | closed | | |
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30.
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If
the pathway through the superior colliculus were not functioning correctly, you might expect that a
person would have difficulty a. | distinguishing colors | b. | perceiving
depth | c. | detecting differences in texture | d. | integrating
visual and auditory information | | |
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31.
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Feature analysis assumes that we progress from individual elements to the whole in the
formation of our perceptions. This is a case of a. | bottom-up processing | b. | bottom-down
processing | c. | top-down processing | d. | top-to-bottom
processing | | |
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32.
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Blake
was at a football game, and even though people wearing green jackets were spread fairly evenly
throughout the stands, he still perceived all the people in green jackets as a single group of
visiting fans. Blake's perception is most consistent with the Gestalt principle of a. | proximity | b. | similarity | c. | closure | d. | simplicity | | |
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33.
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The
phenomenon of size constancy implies that a. | the perception of size is not related to the perception of
distance | b. | the farther away an object is, the more we underestimate its
true size | c. | two objects will be perceived as the same size whenever they
produce the same size retinal image | d. | two objects may be perceived as being the same size even though
they produce different size retinal images | | |
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34.
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The
retina is to the eye as the a. | eardrum is to the ear | b. | ossicles are to
the ear | c. | pinna is to the ear | d. | cochlea is to
the ear | | |
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35.
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The
Impressionist technique of pointillism relies on the use of a. | subtractive
color mixing | b. | feature analysis | c. | additive color
mixing | d. | binocular disparity as a cue for
depth | | |
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36.
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In
classical conditioning, the stimulus that is originally neutral in regard to the response to be
learned is the a. | unconditioned
stimulus | b. | unconditioned response | c. | conditioned
stimulus | d. | conditioned response | | |
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37.
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Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they
are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression, while they are simultaneously
drinking an unusual-tasting liquid. In these studies, the conditioned response would
be a. | the
immunosuppression | b. | the taste of the liquid that is used | c. | the injection of
the drug | d. | fear of the injection process | | |
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38.
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The
phenomenon of spontaneous recovery suggests that a. | classical conditioning can only be used to condition
biologically meaningful responses | b. | even if a person is able to extinguish a conditioned response,
there is an excellent chance that it will reappear later | c. | once a
conditioned response has been extinguished, a person will also stop responding to other stimuli that
are similar | d. | when a conditioned response is extinguished, higher-order
responses replace the original response | | |
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39.
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If a
dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light, the dog is showing evidence
of a. | spontaneous
recovery | b. | conditioned emotional reactions | c. | stimulus
generalization | d. | stimulus discrimination | | |
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40.
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Kylee
used to bring drawings home from her kindergarten class every day, and her parents would put the
pictures on the refrigerator and tell Kylee how nice the pictures were. Lately, her parents haven't
been putting her artwork on the refrigerator, and now Kylee has stopped bringing drawings home with
her. This example illustrates the operant conditioning process of a. | punishment | b. | avoidance | c. | resistance | d. | extinction | | |
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41.
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When
Kristen asks her grandmother for a cookie, her grandmother usually gives her one. Last week at the
park, Kristen's mother was embarrassed when Kristen walked up to five different elderly ladies and
asked them for cookies. Kristen's behavior illustrates the concept of a. | unconditioned
reinforcement | b. | stimulus generalization | c. | stimulus
discrimination | d. | observational learning | | |
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42.
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The
newest winning numbers in the state lottery are announced on the local television station every
Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. People who are watching for the lottery numbers will
have their "watching" reinforced on a. | a fixed-ratio schedule | b. | a variable-ratio
schedule | c. | a variable-interval schedule | d. | a fixed-interval
schedule | | |
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43.
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Which
of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a. | giving a child a
sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner | b. | paying a child
$1 for each "A" received on her report card | c. | stopping nagging
a child when he finally cleans his room | d. | cutting a child's TV time by 30 minutes each time she
"talks back" | | |
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44.
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Brenda has learned to take an over-the-counter medication 30 minutes before she eats a
spicy meal. When she does this she is able to prevent the heartburn and indigestion that she would
experience otherwise. This is an example of a. | escape conditioning | b. | positive
reinforcement | c. | classical conditioning | d. | avoidance
conditioning | | |
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45.
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Which
of the following most clearly shows that an animal's biological makeup can affect the ease of
learning an association? a. | Pavlov's dogs, bells, and salivation | b. | Thorndike's cats
in a puzzle box | c. | Skinner's rats in an operant chamber | d. | Garcia's
conditioned taste aversion experiments | | |
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46.
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Application of operant principles to solve behavior problems is generally known
as a. | behavior
modification | b. | cognitive engineering | c. | modeling | d. | insight training | | |
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47.
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If
you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is a. | encoding | b. | storage | c. | retrieval | d. | acquisition | | |
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48.
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When
you listen to a lecture, the information is held in __________ memory until you write it in your
notes. a. | trace | b. | sensory | c. | short-term | d. | long-term | | |
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49.
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The
memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is a. | time-based
memory | b. | long-term memory | c. | working
memory | d. | auditory sensory memory | | |
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50.
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Which
of the following statements regarding the role of context in memory is MOST
accurate? a. | Context cues
often facilitate the retrieval of information. | b. | Context cues
generally facilitate the retrieval of visual information, but interfere with the ability to recall
auditory information. | c. | Context cues generally facilitate the retrieval of auditory
information, but interfere with the ability to recall visual information. | d. | Context exerts
no systematic influence on the encoding and retrieval of information. | | |
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51.
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The
probable reason that Ebbinghaus' forgetting curves were so steep was that Ebbinghaus a. | had a poor
memory | b. | learned too many lists | c. | used very
meaningless materials | d. | used autobiographical materials | | |
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52.
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You
move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now, you can't remember your old phone
number. This is an example of a. | retroactive interference | b. | proactive
interference | c. | retrograde amnesia | d. | motivated
forgetting | | |
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53.
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Those
who question the accuracy of repressed memories are MOST likely to cite research on which of
the following? a. | the
misinformation effect | b. | flashbulb memories | c. | retroactive
interference | d. | connectionist models of memory | | |
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54.
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The
current thinking is that memories are consolidated in the __________ and stored in the
__________. a. | limbic system;
cerebellum | b. | hippocampal region; cortex | c. | cortex; limbic
system | d. | cerebellum; hippocampus | | |
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55.
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Distributed practice refers to learning a. | through several
different senses | b. | over several sessions | c. | all at
once | d. | from several
different sources | | |
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56.
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Functional fixedness refers to a. | continued use of problem solving strategies that have worked in
the past | b. | arriving at a particularly insightful solution to a
problem | c. | focusing on information that is irrelevant to the solution of
the problem | d. | not seeing a new function for a familiar
object | | |
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57.
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Sean
was stranded in the desert after his plane crashed. He has the best chances for survival under these
circumstances if his cognitive style is a. | field independent | b. | risk-averse | c. | field dependent | d. | based on
algorithms | | |
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58.
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You
apply to a graduate school that decides on who is accepted by demanding that three successive
criteria be met: major GPA over 3.50; overall GPA over 3.00; GRE over 1000. Failure to meet any one
eliminates an applicant. This is an example of a. | the representativeness heuristic | b. | elimination by
aspects | c. | a weighted decision strategy | d. | a purely
additive decision strategy | | |
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59.
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After
seeing your new neighbor walking very stiffly and primly by your house wearing horn-rimmed glasses on
a chain, a cardigan sweater, and her hair in a bun, you decide she must be a librarian. Your judgment
is based on a. | subjective
probability | b. | subjective utility | c. | the availability
heuristic | d. | the representativeness heuristic | | |
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60.
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Overestimating the accuracy of your answer illustrates a. | the conjunction
fallacy | b. | the negative effects of framing | c. | the
overconfidence effect | d. | the gambler's fallacy | | |
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61.
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Diego
is 8 years old, but on intelligence tests he scores at the level typical for a 10 year old. Using the
intelligence quotient formula developed by Lewis Terman, Diego would have an IQ score
of
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62.
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Test-retest procedures are used to determine a test's a. | content
validity | b. | reliability | c. | criterion
validity | d. | accuracy | | |
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63.
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According to Robert Sternberg, IQ tests tend to focus narrowly on which of the
following types of intelligence? a. | social | b. | mechanical | c. | quantitative | d. | academic/verbal | | |
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64.
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Which
of the following is an expression of the nurture side of the nature versus nurture
argument? a. | Environmental
deprivation has little effect on intellectual performance. | b. | An
intellectually stimulating environment will be wasted on those who do not have some innate
intellectual potential. | c. | Intellectual potential is something with which you are born; it
is not acquired. | d. | An intellectually stimulating environment can lead to
noticeable increases in the IQs of disadvantaged children. | | |
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65.
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Which
of the following statements corresponds MOST closely to Arthur Jensen's position on ethnic
differences in average IQ scores? a. | IQ differences are a function of relative nutritional levels
for different ethnic groups, particularly the amount of protein in one's
diet. | b. | IQ differences reflect the inherent bias in IQ tests toward
different ethnic groups. | c. | IQ differences are a function of the relative nature of the
gene pool for different ethnic groups. | d. | Jensen is an interactionist and would partially endorse all of
these statements. | | |
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66.
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Davis
is a gifted violinist who has been playing the violin since he was two. He started writing his own
music when he was four. However, Davis has a difficult time expressing himself with words, and he
struggles with all his written assignments for his classes at school. The theory of intelligence that
could best be used to account for Davis' different levels of performance in these areas
is a. | Gardner's theory
of multiple intelligences | b. | Spearman's g-factor theory | c. | Sternberg's
triarchic theory | d. | Thurstone's theory of primary mental
abilities | | |
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67.
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Intelligence tests tend to measure __________ thinking; tests of creativity tend to
measure __________ thinking. a. | divergent; convergent | b. | divergent;
divergent | c. | convergent; divergent | d. | convergent;
convergent | | |
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68.
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Finding ways to meet instinctual needs and still take into account the conditions of
the external, social world defines the __________, the basic operating theme of the
__________. a. | reality
principle; id | b. | reality principle; ego | c. | pleasure
principle; id | d. | pleasure principle; ego | | |
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69.
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Attributing one's own thoughts or motives to others defines a. | reaction
formation | b. | rationalization | c. | projection | d. | regression | | |
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70.
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According to Freud, a person may become fixated at a particular psychosexual stage
because of a. | permissiveness
on the part of the person's parents | b. | a genetic predisposition for fixation | c. | either excessive
gratification or excessive frustration of needs | d. | abnormalities in
brain chemistry that develop prenatally | | |
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71.
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Freud's concept of the unconscious is MOST like Jung's a. | preconscious | b. | personal unconscious | c. | collective
unconscious | d. | archetypes | | |
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72.
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Juan
used to be a fairly generous individual, but it seemed that whenever he loaned things to people, they
were never returned, or they were returned broken. Consequently, Juan is no longer generous. Based on
principles of operant conditioning, Juan's lack of generosity is most likely a result
of a. | punishment | b. | positive reinforcement | c. | negative
reinforcement | d. | extinction | | |
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73.
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The
fact that we tend to behave differently in different situations has led Walter Mischel to contend
that behavior tends to be a. | situationally specific | b. | situationally
consistent | c. | reliable | d. | situationally
similar | | |
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74.
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According to Carl Rogers, troublesome anxiety is caused by a. | unresolved
sexual conflicts | b. | unconditional love | c. | threats to our
self-concept | d. | the use of defense mechanisms | | |
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75.
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Shayna has a job that pays well, and she has three children who are now all in
adolescence. For the past few months she finds herself increasingly restless, and she is thinking
about enrolling in university and taking some classes in art, which has always interested her.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Shayna is probably primarily motivated by a. | esteem
needs | b. | belongingness and love needs | c. | cognitive
needs | d. | homeostatic drives | | |
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76.
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According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved special
sensitivity to variations in the capacity to be an innovative problem solver, which is closely
associated with which of the following Big Five personality traits? a. | neuroticism | b. | extraversion | c. | conscientiousness | d. | openness to experience | | |
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77.
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A
personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus such as a picture or an
inkblot is called a a. | self-report personality inventory | b. | projective
test | c. | behavior
rating | d. | deceptive test | | |
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78.
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Diagnosis is to prognosis as a. | why is to what | b. | what is to
outcome | c. | outcome is to etiology | d. | ontogeny is to
phylogeny | | |
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79.
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Roger
enjoys gambling so much that he does it every day, totally neglecting his family and job. Roger's
behavior satisfies which criterion of abnormality MOST clearly? a. | personal
distress | b. | deviance | c. | persistence | d. | maladaptive behavior | | |
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80.
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The
major difference between a phobic disorder and a generalized anxiety disorder is
that a. | the phobic
disorder is more severe and more difficult to treat | b. | anxiety is
specific to one object or situation in a phobic disorder, but is "free floating" in a
generalized anxiety disorder | c. | the generalized anxiety disorder occurs primarily in men, and
the phobic disorder occurs primarily in women | d. | only the
generalized anxiety disorder depends on past conditioning | | |
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81.
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Posttraumatic stress disorder involves a. | physical,
mental, and emotional exhaustion attributable to long-term involvement in emotionally demanding
situations | b. | aggravated symptoms that emerge when burnout goes untreated for
several years | c. | disturbed behavior that emerges after a major stressful event
is over | d. | the emergence of schizophrenic symptoms in individuals exposed
to chronic stress | | |
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82.
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Jim
is unable to move his left arm despite the fact there is nothing physically wrong with him. Jim will
MOST likely be diagnosed as having a. | hypochondriasis | b. | somatization
disorder | c. | conversion disorder | d. | a
parasomnia | | |
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83.
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Alexia started a new job on Monday morning. For the first three days she showed up in
bright colors and was outgoing and extroverted. However, on Thursday she showed up in a dark suit and
appeared shy and introverted. She insisted that her name was Clara, and she couldn't understand why
her coworkers kept calling her Alexia. In this example, Alexia is showing symptoms that are
consistent with a. | bipolar
disorder | b. | dissociative identity disorder | c. | disorganized
schizophrenia | d. | antisocial personality disorder | | |
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84.
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Which
of the following symptoms is NOT associated with someone who has a bipolar
disorder? a. | sexually
reckless behavior | b. | inflated self-esteem | c. | decreased need
for sleep | d. | hallucinations | | |
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85.
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Which
of the following neurotransmitters has been implicated in mood disorders? a. | GABA | b. | serotonin | c. | dopamine | d. | endorphins | | |
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86.
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Harold sits all day alone on a park bench, babbling incoherently and giggling to
himself. Harold would MOST likely be diagnosed as having a. | paranoid
schizophrenia | b. | catatonic schizophrenia | c. | disorganized
schizophrenia | d. | undifferentiated schizophrenia | | |
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87.
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Renata recently had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan done. The results showed
that her brain has enlarged ventricles. If Renata has a psychological disorder, the results of her
MRI scan would suggest that the disorder is MOST likely a. | obsessive-compulsive disorder | b. | bipolar
disorder | c. | schizophrenia | d. | dissociative
identity disorder | | |
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88.
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Newton believes that all airline pilots are calm, cool individuals who never get
excited or show any strong emotional responses. In this case, Newton's beliefs about the traits and
behaviors of airline pilots are one example of a. | the fundamental attribution error | b. | a confirmation
bias | c. | stereotypes | d. | the matching hypothesis | | |
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89.
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Blaming your friend's auto accident on the weather conditions is an example
of a. | a self-serving
attribution | b. | a defensive attribution | c. | an external
attribution | d. | a dispositional attribution | | |
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90.
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When
Darren's classmate earns a "D" on an essay for their history class, Darren figures the
classmate is unmotivated, and should have spent more time working on the paper and less time
socializing. The classmate is disappointed with her grade, but she knows she didn't have much time to
work on the essay because she had to work double-shifts the entire week before the paper was due. The
different attributions for the low grade on the essay illustrate a. | the
actor-observer bias | b. | defensive attributions | c. | the self-serving
bias | d. | cognitive
dissonance | | |
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91.
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Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of
the groups one belongs to is called a. | collectivism | b. | functionalism | c. | individualism | d. | attributionism | | |
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92.
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Pierre is a moderately attractive 16-year-old. The high school that he attends is
holding a "Sadie Hawkins" dance where the girls ask the boys to the dance. He is hoping to
be asked to the dance by either Whitney or Tammy. Whitney is moderately attractive; Tammy is
extremely attractive. Based on the evidence from studies which have investigated physical
attractiveness and dating, it is most likely that a. | Tammy will ask Pierre to the dance, because people tend to
select partners who are slightly less attractive | b. | neither girl
will ask Pierre to the dance, because people tend to select partners who are more
attractive | c. | both girls will ask Pierre to the dance, because women are less
likely to consider attractiveness in selecting partners | d. | Whitney will ask
Pierre to the dance, because people tend to select partners who match their own level of
attractiveness | | |
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93.
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According to Sternberg, long-term, older relationships are dominated
by a. | passion and
romantic love | b. | commitment and passion | c. | commitment and
intimacy | d. | fatuous and companionate love | | |
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94.
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Virginia has a favorable attitude toward aerobics and working out. Just the thought of
her daily workout is enough to make Virginia feel good, and she finds that when she is at the gym she
feels much more relaxed and much less stressed. These emotional responses form part of
the a. | cognitive
component of Virginia's attitude toward working out | b. | behavioral
component of Virginia's attitude toward working out | c. | physiological
component of Virginia's attitude toward working out | d. | affective
component of Virginia's attitude toward working out | | |
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95.
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Mort
is trying to convince his parents that he should enroll at a university in another state, rather than
the local university. He has made five strong points that support his position, but his parents are
not yet convinced. Based on the research into factors which influence persuasion, at this point Mort
should a. | add additional
points that support his position, even if they are weaker arguments | b. | ask his parents
to think about their decision for a few days | c. | repeat the
arguments that he has already made | d. | play some soft background music while he and his parents
discuss the issue some more | | |
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96.
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Minimizing the imbalance of inconsistent attitudes is a technique used
to a. | resist
persuasion | b. | counteract self-handicapping | c. | reduce the
discomfort associated with cognitive dissonance | d. | maintain
psychological control in situations in which great pressure exists to behave
counter-attitudinally | | |
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97.
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Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines which of the following
terms? a. | cognitive
dissonance | b. | obedience | c. | groupthink | d. | conformity | | |
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98.
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In
Milgram's research on obedience, what did the experimenter do to the teacher when the teacher
questioned whether the experiment should continue? a. | The teacher was
verbally abused. | b. | The teacher was shocked. | c. | The teacher was
given verbal prompts to continue. | d. | The teacher was requested to change places with the
learner. | | |
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99.
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Evidence from numerous studies of the bystander effect suggests that a. | it is a
widespread phenomenon | b. | it is limited to contrived laboratory
situations | c. | it occurs only in urban ghetto areas | d. | there is much
truth to the old saying that "there is safety in numbers" | | |
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100.
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Censoring dissent, pressuring to conform, omitting contradictory evidence, and
polarizing ingroup and outgroup are basic features of which of the following? a. | social
loafing | b. | group polarization | c. | social
diffusion | d. | groupthink | | |
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101.
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The
purveyors of miracle tonics and psychic advice tend to rely on which of the following forms of
evidence? a. | anecdotal
evidence | b. | findings from observational research | c. | results from
laboratory experiments | d. | findings from surveys and
questionnaires | | |
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