Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Functional fixedness is the a. | inability to discover the relations among the parts of a
problem | b. | inability to carry out a sequence of transformations in order
to reach a specific goal | c. | tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common
use | d. | sudden discovery
of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and
error | | |
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2.
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If
you tend to persist in using the same problem-solving strategy time after time, you are
evidencing a. | a
delusion | b. | an illusion | c. | a mental
set | d. | a generic
insight | | |
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3.
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Car A
has good mileage, a low price, and low maintenance, or three pluses. Car B has only a low price and
low maintenance, or two pluses. So, I'll choose Car A. This is an example of a. | a weighted
additive strategy | b. | a field dependent decision strategy | c. | a purely
additive strategy | d. | elimination-by-aspects | | |
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4.
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Subjective utility refers to a. | the expected value of an outcome | b. | what an outcome
is personally worth to an individual | c. | a personal estimate of what the probability of an outcome
is | d. | an individual's
willingness to take risks | | |
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5.
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When
people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events generate a great deal of
media coverage, they are using a. | the availability heuristic | b. | the
representativeness heuristic | c. | a holistic decision model | d. | the elimination
by aspects strategy | | |
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6.
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Christine has been following the state lottery for over a year, and she has a record
of the number of times every number has been selected. She is ready to invest $1000 in lottery
tickets with the same six-number combination on each ticket. She is going to choose the six numbers
that have occurred the least frequently in the last year because she is sure they will be picked
eventually. In this case, Christine is showing evidence of a. | the availability
heuristic | b. | the base rate fallacy | c. | the gambler's
fallacy | d. | the conjunction fallacy | | |
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7.
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Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon devised the first intelligence test in 1905 in order
to a. | predict future
life success | b. | provide support for the belief that intelligence is genetically
determined | c. | provide support for the belief that intelligence is
environmentally determined | d. | predict the school performance of
children | | |
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8.
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Dr.
Carmody has designed a new critical thinking assessment test. He administers the test to a group of
students in October. In April, he tests the same students and finds that the overall correlation
between the two sets of scores is +0.91. Based on this information, Dr. Carmody could conclude that
his new test a. | likely has low
construct validity | b. | appears to have high test-retest
reliability | c. | has been well standardized | d. | will have high
criterion-related validity | | |
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9.
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The
fact that the correlation in IQ scores between identical twins reared apart is lower than that
between identical twins reared together suggests that a. | environmental
factors can have an influence on intellectual development | b. | environmental
factors have no impact on intellectual development | c. | genetic factors
have no impact on intellectual development | d. | identical twins often do not have the same
genotype | | |
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10.
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According to the reaction range model, children a. | with average IQ
scores will not have very wide reaction ranges | b. | with average IQ
scores are being raised in average-quality environments | c. | raised in
high-quality environments should score near the top of their reaction range | d. | raised in
high-quality environments will have higher IQ scores than children raised in poor-quality
environments | | |
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11.
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Which
of the following appears to be the most responsible for ethnic differences in IQ? a. | genetic
differences between ethnic groups | b. | culturally biased tests | c. | poor rapport
between a nonminority test giver and a minority test taker | d. | the cultural
disadvantages associated with a lower-class upbringing | | |
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12.
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Roland is an architect who can design dream homes based on vague ideas and images that
his clients bring to him. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Roland is
likely to score high in which of the following? a. | intrapersonal intelligence | b. | interpersonal
intelligence | c. | spatial intelligence | d. | logical-mathematical intelligence | | |
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13.
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The
two major aspects of people that are studied by personality theorists are a. | consistency and
distinctiveness | b. | situational shifts and interpersonal
similarities | c. | commonalties and individual
differences | d. | constancy and change | | |
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14.
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The
portion of the personality that mediates between instinctual demands and the world of reality is
the a. | ego | b. | superego | c. | id | d. | ego ideal | | |
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15.
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Defense mechanisms combat feelings of anxiety and guilt a. | through
self-deception | b. | through rational problem solving | c. | by enhancing
self-insight | d. | by making unconscious urges conscious | | |
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16.
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A man
who has numerous reasons to hate his mother instead lavishes her with unrealistic amounts of
attention and love. He is probably exhibiting the defense mechanism of a. | regression | b. | identification | c. | reaction
formation | d. | displacement | | |
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17.
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Vanessa bites her nails so badly that they bleed, but she can't seem to stop herself
from doing this. According to Freud, Vanessa's nail biting may be evidence of fixation at
the a. | oral stage of
development | b. | phallic stage of development | c. | anal stage of
development | d. | latency stage of development | | |
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18.
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What
is the name Carl Jung used to identify the level of the unconscious that stores latent memory traces
inherited from our ancestral past? a. | personal unconscious | b. | preconscious | c. | primeval unconscious | d. | collective
unconscious | | |
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19.
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In
explaining why Cole is deceitful and has a tendency to lie, a psychologist who held a strong
behavioral view toward personality development would consider Cole's a. | role
models | b. | previous learning experiences and his history of
reinforcement | c. | self-concept and his interactions with
others | d. | unconsciously repressed feelings of anger and
hostility | | |
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20.
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The
belief that one has the ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes is
referred to as a. | self-efficacy | b. | self-monitoring | c. | self-control | d. | self-justification | | |
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21.
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The
MOST optimistic view of human nature is found in the a. | psychoanalytic
approach | b. | behavioral approach | c. | cognitive
approach | d. | humanistic approach | | |
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22.
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Your
needs for social status and for respect and recognition from others reflect the __________ needs in
Maslow's hierarchy. a. | cognitive | b. | esteem | c. | aesthetic | d. | love and
belongingness | | |
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23.
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According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved special
sensitivity to variations in the ability to bond with others, which is closely associated with which
of the following Big Five personality traits? a. | neuroticism | b. | extraversion | c. | agreeableness | d. | conscientiousness | | |
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24.
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Which
of the following personality tests was designed to measure the "Big Five"
traits? a. | NEO Personality
Inventory | b. | Thematic Apperception Test | c. | MMPI | d. | 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire | | |
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Other
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25.
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If
there are any questions that are ambiguous, you can select an answer, then respond with an
explanation. If you can convince me that you know the material, you will get credit for the question
even if you pick the wrong answer.
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