Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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When
a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another
stimulus, the process is a. | operant conditioning | b. | instrumental
conditioning | c. | Skinnerian conditioning | d. | classical
conditioning | | |
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2.
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Darrel was dancing with his new girlfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started
playing "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" his girlfriend gave him a long passionate
kiss, which Darrel found very enjoyable. Now Darrel finds that every time he hears "Can't Help
Falling in Love with You" on the radio, he becomes mildly excited. In this example, the long,
passionate kiss is a. | a conditioned stimulus | b. | an unconditioned
response | c. | a conditioned response | d. | an unconditioned
stimulus | | |
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3.
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Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to a. | sing a
song | b. | tie shoe
laces | c. | print letters | d. | fear the
dark | | |
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4.
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Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they
are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression, while they are simultaneously
drinking an unusual-tasting liquid. In these studies, the conditioned response would
be a. | the
immunosuppression | b. | the taste of the liquid that is used | c. | the injection of
the drug | d. | fear of the injection process | | |
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5.
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Carly
used to be afraid of visits to her family doctor because she associated the sight of his waiting room
with the pain of having a blood sample drawn. However, Carly's new doctor's lab worker is
"painless," and the sight of the waiting room is no longer associated with pain.
Consequently, Carly finds her fear of visits to her family doctor has disappeared. This illustrates
the classical conditioning process known as a. | spontaneous recovery | b. | extinction | c. | second-order conditioning | d. | avoidance | | |
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6.
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In
higher-order conditioning, new conditioned responses are a. | conditioned to
discriminative stimuli | b. | built on the foundation of innate unconditioned
responses | c. | built on the foundation of previously established conditioned
responses | d. | blocked by sensory adaptation | | |
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7.
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Continuing to pair a specific CS and UCS, but periodically presenting stimuli similar
to the CS and not pairing them with the UCS, should result in a. | stimulus
discrimination | b. | stimulus generalization | c. | extinction | d. | response attenuation | | |
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8.
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The
rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of a reinforcer are
called a. | reinforcement
contingencies | b. | stimulus contiguities | c. | schedules of
reinforcement | d. | antecedents | | |
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9.
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Jerome is training to be a vacuum cleaner sales person. Initially, he got paid for
each customer he called on, even if the customer did not ask for a demonstration. Currently, he only
gets paid for actually demonstrating the product. Eventually, he will only get paid for actually
closing a sale. In this example, Jerome's sales skills are being developed through the use
of a. | classical
conditioning | b. | modeling | c. | negative
reinforcement | d. | shaping | | |
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10.
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When
Kristen asks her grandmother for a cookie, her grandmother usually gives her one. Last week at the
park, Kristen's mother was embarrassed when Kristen walked up to five different elderly ladies and
asked them for cookies. Kristen's behavior illustrates the concept of a. | unconditioned
reinforcement | b. | stimulus generalization | c. | stimulus
discrimination | d. | observational learning | | |
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11.
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The
behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be one that was a. | reinforced every
time it occurred | b. | shaped | c. | reinforced
intermittently | d. | reinforced by your parents | | |
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12.
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Josiah checks his electronic mail several times throughout the day. Some days there is
mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this
example, Josiah's behavior of checking his electronic mail is being reinforced on a. | a
variable-interval schedule | b. | a fixed-ratio schedule | c. | a fixed-interval
schedule | d. | a variable-ratio schedule | | |
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13.
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Negative reinforcement involves a. | the presentation of a pleasant
stimulus | b. | the presentation of an unpleasant
stimulus | c. | the removal of a pleasant stimulus | d. | the removal of
an unpleasant stimulus | | |
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14.
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Avoidance conditioning develops through a. | negative
reinforcement | b. | positive reinforcement | c. | punishment | d. | modeling | | |
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15.
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You
eat a new food and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting. Later you experience nausea
whenever you taste or smell the new food. Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the
room, the people present, the bathroom, and so on? a. | You were
biologically predisposed to associate taste and nausea. | b. | The nontaste
cues were too weak. | c. | The taste cues were more immediate. | d. | There was less
contiguity for the other cues. | | |
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16.
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The
principles of learning and conditioning have a. | turned out to have little relevance to real-world
concerns | b. | been widely applied in education, business, and
industry | c. | attracted little interest outside of
psychology | d. | proven worthless when applied to humans as opposed to
animals | | |
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17.
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With
most behavior modification programs, once a terminal goal has been reached, it is a good idea
to a. | stop the program
abruptly | b. | phase the program out gradually by reducing the frequency or
potency of the reinforcers | c. | switch from positive to negative
reinforcement | d. | switch from a ratio to an interval schedule of
reinforcement | | |
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18.
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If
you devise a self-modification program in which you systematically reward yourself for studying, you
are applying the principles of a. | classical conditioning | b. | operant
conditioning | c. | observational learning | d. | Pavlovian
conditioning | | |
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19.
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Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish
class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can
hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is a. | encoding | b. | retrieval | c. | chunking | d. | storage | | |
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20.
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Taryn
was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate."
Later, she recalled these words as: "pup, bucket, and loathe." Taryn's errors in recall
suggest that she had encoded the original word list a. | proactively | b. | semantically | c. | phonemically | d. | structurally | | |
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21.
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The
dual-coding theory argues that memory is a. | enhanced by forming either semantic or visual
codes | b. | composed of declarative and procedural
elements | c. | composed of episodic and semantic
codes | d. | composed of schematic and nonschematic
elements | | |
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22.
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With
rehearsal, information in short-term memory can be maintained for some time. Without rehearsal, the
duration of short-term memory is a. | no longer than 1 second | b. | about 5
seconds | c. | about 20 seconds | d. | 1-2
minutes | | |
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23.
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When
you mentally picture the road between your house and school, you are relying on which component of
working memory? a. | the visuospatial
sketchpad | b. | the conceptual hierarchy | c. | the rehearsal
loop | d. | the executive
control system | | |
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24.
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Miles
has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and
thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand
name printed on the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called a. | sensory
memory | b. | procedural memory | c. | a flashbulb
memory | d. | an implicit memory | | |
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25.
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Ten-year-old Kylee is trying to remember the capital of North Carolina during a game
of "Where Are You?" Her father tells her to think of the letter "R," and she
quickly comes up with Raleigh. In this case, Kylee's memory was assisted using a. | an effective
retrieval cue | b. | semantic network activation | c. | the method of
loci | d. | transfer-appropriate processing | | |
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26.
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During a party, Michael was talking to a friend about the symbolism involved in a
recent movie. Michael attributed the explanation of the symbolism to a prominent movie critic, when
actually he heard it from his roommate. This example illustrates which of the following
phenomena? a. | amnesia | b. | cryptomnesia | c. | source-monitoring error | d. | serial-position effect | | |
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27.
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Pseudoforgetting is viewed as a function of a. | interference
effects | b. | lack of attention | c. | hippocampal
damage | d. | insufficient retrieval cues | | |
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28.
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Your
female friend recently got married and changed her last name to that of her husband's. You have
difficulty remembering her new last name because of a. | proactive
interference | b. | retroactive interference | c. | memory
decay | d. | response inhibition | | |
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29.
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Which
of the following statements best reflects the current view of the repressed memories
controversy? a. | It seems likely
that most cases of recovered memories are authentic. | b. | It appears that
many therapists are deliberately creating false memories in their patients. | c. | Recovered
memories of childhood abuse can be summarily dismissed. | d. | We should be
extremely careful about accepting recovered memories of abuse in the absence of convincing
corroboration. | | |
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30.
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If
you suffer from an inability to recall old memories as a result of brain trauma, you have a case
of a. | anterograde
amnesia | b. | retrograde amnesia | c. | Korsakov's
syndrome | d. | limbic system inversion | | |
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31.
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The
current thinking is that memories are consolidated in the __________ and stored in the
__________. a. | limbic system;
cerebellum | b. | hippocampal region; cortex | c. | cortex; limbic
system | d. | cerebellum; hippocampus | | |
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32.
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The
memory system that contains words, definitions, events, and ideas is the a. | episodic memory
system | b. | declarative memory system | c. | procedural
memory system | d. | assimilative memory system | | |
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33.
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Seven-year-old Dana is distressed when her third grade teacher gives her class an
assignment the very first day. They are all to write four paragraphs describing what they did over
their summer vacation. To complete this assignment effectively, the students will need to utilize
their a. | procedural
memory | b. | episodic memory | c. | semantic
memory | d. | prospective memory | | |
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34.
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Practicing material already learned in order to improve retention is referred to
as a. | chunking | b. | memorization | c. | elaboration | d. | overlearning | | |
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35.
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Savanna is trying to remember the names of the first twelve vice-presidents for her
history exam. She has read the names through six times, and she is ready to test herself on how well
she can recall them. Based on research studies that have shown memory failures for lists of
unfamiliar material often follow a pattern called a serial position curve, you should predict that
Savanna will remember the names of the vice-presidents a. | at the beginning
of the list better than the names in the middle or at the end | b. | at the end of
the list better than the names at the beginning or in the middle | c. | in the middle of
the list better than the names at the beginning or at the end | d. | at the beginning
and the end of the list better than the names in the middle | | |
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36.
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The
fact that the recall of eyewitnesses can be distorted by information introduced after the event by
police officers, attorneys, etc., is best explained by which of the following? a. | the
misinformation effect | b. | the serial-position effect | c. | errors in
source-monitoring | d. | memory reconstruction | | |
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