Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
|
|
|
1.
|
Functional fixedness refers to a. | continued use of problem solving strategies that have worked in
the past | b. | arriving at a particularly insightful solution to a
problem | c. | focusing on information that is irrelevant to the solution of
the problem | d. | not seeing a new function for a familiar
object | | |
|
|
|
2.
|
When
Graham is printing copies from the computer in the computer classroom, the paper keeps jamming in the
machine. He takes the paper out of the paper tray, fans it, and then flips it over, so the other side
of the paper feeds first. This is the way he solves similar problems on the photocopy machine at the
office where he works. In this case, Graham's method of solving the problem is consistent with the
problem-solving heuristic known as a. | means-end analysis | b. | working
backward | c. | trial-and-error | d. | searching for
analogies | | |
|
|
|
3.
|
Levi
enjoys solving logical reasoning problems. He seems to have a knack for looking at problems in new
ways and reorganizing the components of problems in creative ways. It is likely that
Levi a. | relies more
heavily on external than internal frames of reference | b. | uses algorithms
more frequently than heuristics in solving problems | c. | relies more
heavily on internal than external frames of reference | d. | will introduce
unnecessary constraints into problems that he is working on | | |
|
|
|
4.
|
Christine wants to buy a new television. She will not purchase a television with a
screen smaller than 25 inches. She will also not purchase a television that costs more than $500. Her
decision-making strategy is referred to as a. | a purely additive strategy | b. | a weighted
additive strategy | c. | elimination by aspects | d. | a field
independent strategy | | |
|
|
|
5.
|
After
seeing your new neighbor walking very stiffly and primly by your house wearing horn-rimmed glasses on
a chain, a cardigan sweater, and her hair in a bun, you decide she must be a librarian. Your judgment
is based on a. | subjective
probability | b. | subjective utility | c. | the availability
heuristic | d. | the representativeness heuristic | | |
|
|
|
6.
|
Many
people mistakenly believe their chances of dying in an airplane crash are greater than their chances
of dying in an automobile crash. This belief reflects the operation of a. | confirmation
bias | b. | the belief in
the law of small numbers | c. | the availability heuristic | d. | the conjunction
fallacy | | |
|
|
|
7.
|
If a
child's chronological age matches his or her mental age, then the child's IQ would be
approximately
|
|
|
8.
|
Austin is completing The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and one section of the
test evaluates his ability to analyze patterns and copy designs using blocks. Austin's score on this
section of the test will be used in the computation of his score on the a. | performance
scale | b. | verbal scale | c. | practical
scale | d. | spatial scale | | |
|
|
|
9.
|
Destry recently completed the Artistic Reasoning Test (ART) for the third time in four
months. The first time he took the test, his score was near the middle of the scale. The second time,
he scored near the top of the scale; but for the most recent test, he scored near the bottom of the
scale. Destry's scores for this test indicate that the test a. | is measuring
something other than Artistic Reasoning Skills | b. | has low
reliability | c. | has not been properly standardized | d. | has poor
construct validity | | |
|
|
|
10.
|
If
the differences in IQ scores among people were entirely a result of genetic factors, you would expect
to find that the correlation in IQ scores would be a. | higher for
fraternal twins reared together than for identical twins reared apart | b. | higher for
identical twins reared together than for identical twins reared apart | c. | the same for
identical twins reared together and for identical twins reared apart | d. | lower for
identical twins reared together than for identical twins reared apart | | |
|
|
|
11.
|
Carolina has been raised in an intellectually enriched environment, with lots of books
and age-appropriate toys. The reaction range model suggests that Carolina will a. | score near the
top of her potential IQ range | b. | show a steady increase in IQ score during early childhood and
adolescence | c. | perform better than the majority of her peers on standardized
tests of intelligence | d. | have a wider intellectual reaction range than children raised
in less stimulating environments | | |
|
|
|
12.
|
Cheryl has always performed well on conventional tests designed to measure reasoning
and logical-mathematical abilities, but she doesn't seem to be able to use her skills to solve common
everyday problems. According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Cheryl
shows a. | high analytical
intelligence, but lower creative intelligence | b. | high analytical
intelligence, but lower practical intelligence | c. | high practical
intelligence, but lower creative intelligence | d. | high practical
intelligence, but lower analytical intelligence | | |
|
|
|
13.
|
Counselor Troi is from the planet Beta-Z. Betazoids are empaths who have the ability
to easily infer other people's moods, temperaments, emotions, and intentions. According to Howard
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Counselor Troi should score high in a. | interpersonal
intelligence | b. | intrapersonal intelligence | c. | spatial
intelligence | d. | bodily-kinesthetic intelligence | | |
|
|
|
14.
|
Which
of the following statements best reflects current thinking regarding the relationship between
creativity and mental illness? a. | Creativity and psychological maladjustment are probably
causally related. | b. | Creativity and psychological well-being appear to be completely
unrelated. | c. | There is a weak but significant relationship between creativity
and susceptibility to multiple personality disorder. | d. | There may be a
correlation between major creative achievement and vulnerability to mood
disorders. | | |
|
|
|
15.
|
Sigmund Freud's method for treating disorders is called a. | systematic
desensitization | b. | client-centered therapy | c. | psychoanalysis | d. | primal-scream therapy | | |
|
|
|
16.
|
Howard sets extremely high standards for both himself and others. He tends to be rigid
and inflexible and rarely allows himself to enjoy life. Freud would probably conclude that Howard is
dominated by a. | his
superego | b. | his id | c. | his
ego | d. | penis
envy | | |
|
|
|
17.
|
A key
concept in Freudian theory is a. | conflict | b. | self-actualization | c. | reinforcement | d. | personal
growth | | |
|
|
|
18.
|
The
process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is known
as a. | neurogenic
amnesia | b. | suppression | c. | avoidance | d. | repression | | |
|
|
|
19.
|
Vanessa bites her nails so badly that they bleed, but she can't seem to stop herself
from doing this. According to Freud, Vanessa's nail biting may be evidence of fixation at
the a. | oral stage of
development | b. | phallic stage of development | c. | anal stage of
development | d. | latency stage of development | | |
|
|
|
20.
|
In
Jung's theory, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning are
called a. | archetypes | b. | prototypes | c. | mandalas | d. | central memories | | |
|
|
|
21.
|
Deirdre used to be shy and unwilling to speak out in class. Last semester she was in a
class that involved a lot of discussion groups, and she found that her classmates were willing to
listen attentively to her ideas, and often asked her for input when the discussion bogged down. Now
Deirdre is more outspoken and confident during class discussions. Based on principles of operant
conditioning, Deirdre's new outspoken, confident manner is most likely a result of a. | extinction | b. | negative reinforcement | c. | punishment | d. | positive reinforcement | | |
|
|
|
22.
|
The
fact that we tend to behave differently in different situations has led Walter Mischel to contend
that behavior tends to be a. | situationally specific | b. | situationally
consistent | c. | reliable | d. | situationally
similar | | |
|
|
|
23.
|
Thomas describes himself as an open and relaxed individual, but people who know him
well would describe Thomas as secretive and tense. According to Carl Rogers, Thomas is likely
to a. | experience
incongruence | b. | be low in self-monitoring | c. | experience
congruence | d. | be low in self-efficacy | | |
|
|
|
24.
|
Carly
was trapped in her basement when her neighborhood was rocked by an earthquake. She has enough food
and water stored in the basement to last her for several weeks, but each time she feels an aftershock
she is terrified that the remaining beams may fall and crush her. According to Maslow's hierarchy of
needs, at this point in time Carly is most likely motivated by a. | safety and
security needs | b. | |
|