Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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"Apple is to fruit as hamburger is to __________" is an example
of a. | an arrangement
problem | b. | a series-completion problem | c. | the
representativeness heuristic | d. | an analogy problem | | |
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2.
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Claudia wants to send a fragile vase to her parents for their anniversary, but she
can't find any appropriate packing material in her house. She decides to pop some popcorn and use
that to pack around the vase. In this case, Claudia has a. | demonstrated
functional fixedness in solving her problem | b. | effectively
utilized the availability heuristic in solving her problem | c. | overcome
functional fixedness in solving her problem | d. | utilized an
elimination-by-aspects strategy to solve her problem | | |
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3.
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Levi
enjoys solving logical reasoning problems. He seems to have a knack for looking at problems in new
ways and reorganizing the components of problems in creative ways. It is likely that
Levi a. | relies more
heavily on external than internal frames of reference | b. | uses algorithms
more frequently than heuristics in solving problems | c. | relies more
heavily on internal than external frames of reference | d. | will introduce
unnecessary constraints into problems that he is working on | | |
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4.
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If an
alternative is eliminated whenever it fails to satisfy some minimum criterion on an attribute, which
decision-making strategy is being used? a. | a purely additive strategy | b. | a weighted
additive strategy | c. | elimination by aspects | d. | the
representativeness heuristic | | |
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5.
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You
can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, and so you decide that Cathy must be an
ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on a. | subjective utility | b. | the
representativeness heuristic | c. | the availability heuristic | d. | expected
value | | |
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6.
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The
conjunction fallacy is a tendency to a. | ignore information about base rates when estimating the
probabilities of certain combinations of outcomes | b. | overestimate the
odds of a chance event if that event hasn't occurred recently | c. | draw general
conclusions based on a few isolated cases | d. | believe that the odds of two uncertain events happening
together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone | | |
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7.
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The
man responsible for developing the first intelligence tests designed to predict the school
performance of children was a. | Alfred Binet | b. | David
Wechsler | c. | Lewis Terman | d. | Jean
Piaget | | |
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8.
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Austin is completing The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and one section of the
test evaluates his ability to analyze patterns and copy designs using blocks. Austin's score on this
section of the test will be used in the computation of his score on the a. | performance
scale | b. | verbal scale | c. | practical
scale | d. | spatial scale | | |
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9.
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Dr.
Iverson has had 25 students who have repeated her advanced Economics class over the past five years.
Each time, the students' grades for the second attempt in her course were nearly identical to the
grades received on the first attempt. This leads Dr. Iverson to conclude that her testing
procedures a. | provide valid
measures of student ability | b. | are well standardized | c. | provide reliable
measures of student ability | d. | successfully measures abstract reasoning
skills | | |
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10.
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If a
test accurately measures what it was designed to measure, the test is a. | valid | b. | empirical | c. | normative | d. | consistent | | |
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11.
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A
tentative answer to the heredity versus environment question with respect to intelligence is
that a. | heredity is the
major factor | b. | environment is the major factor | c. | the environment
puts limits on the effects of heredity | d. | heredity may set certain limits on intelligence, and
environmental factors determine where we fall within those limits | | |
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12.
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According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, someone who is high
in analytic intelligence should a. | cope well with new or novel tasks | b. | be able to solve
problems that are unique to the existing cultural surroundings | c. | perform well on
conventional tests designed to measure reasoning skills | d. | show deficits in
the other two areas of cognitive function | | |
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13.
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Reba
has an uncanny ability to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations,
and desires of other people. According to Gardner, Reba has a high level of a. | socioemotional
intelligence | b. | interpersonal intelligence | c. | linguistic
intelligence | d. | parapsychotic intelligence | | |
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14.
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Conrad works at an advertising agency and he is one of the first people they call in
when they are brainstorming for a new campaign. He has the unique ability to generate hundreds of
creative suggestions that no one else seems to think of. This suggests that Conrad is skilled
in a. | convergent
thinking | b. | transformational logic | c. | field
dependence | d. | divergent thinking | | |
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15.
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In an
emergency, we would all react differently from one another because we all have different
personalities and experiences. This quality of personality is called a. | consistency | b. | differentiation | c. | constancy | d. | distinctiveness | | |
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16.
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Finding ways to meet instinctual needs and still take into account the conditions of
the external, social world defines the __________, the basic operating theme of the
__________. a. | reality
principle; id | b. | reality principle; ego | c. | pleasure
principle; id | d. | pleasure principle; ego | | |
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17.
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A key
concept in Freudian theory is a. | conflict | b. | self-actualization | c. | reinforcement | d. | personal
growth | | |
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18.
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The
process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is known
as a. | neurogenic
amnesia | b. | suppression | c. | avoidance | d. | repression | | |
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19.
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Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead
to failure to move forward psychologically, a phenomenon that Freud called a. | fixation | b. | displacement | c. | reciprocal
determinism | d. | compensation | | |
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20.
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Identification of oneself with the proper gender, male or female, would occur during
the a. | anal
stage | b. | genital stage | c. | oral
stage | d. | phallic stage | | |
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21.
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When
anthropologists compare ancient artifacts from South America, Europe, and Australia they often find
similarities among the images that are depicted. Based on Jung's analytical psychology, some of these
apparent similarities may stem from a. | the preconscious | b. | reciprocal
determinism | c. | manifest consciousness | d. | the collective
unconscious | | |
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22.
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Research on the influence of birth order on personality can be traced to which of the
following theorists? a. | Alfred Adler | b. | Sigmund
Freud | c. | Carl Jung | d. | John
Watson | | |
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23.
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Social cognitive theory differs from Skinner's approach in giving more weight
to a. | secondary
reinforcers | b. | respondent conditioning | c. | cognitive
processes | d. | genetic factors | | |
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24.
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Which
of the following approaches to personality is MOST likely to be characterized by the lack of
unifying structural concepts that tie all the pieces together? a. | behavioral
approach | b. | cognitive approach | c. | humanistic
approach | d. | psychoanalytic approach | | |
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25.
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According to Carl Rogers, if your self-concept is reasonably accurate, it is said to
be a. | congruent with
reality | b. | self-actualized | c. | extraverted | d. | valid | | |
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26.
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According to Carl Rogers, troublesome anxiety is caused by a. | unresolved
sexual conflicts | b. | unconditional love | c. | threats to our
self-concept | d. | the use of defense mechanisms | | |
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27.
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Esteban has a job that pays well, and he recently moved to a neighborhood where there
is little crime. Lately, he finds that he is thinking seriously about finding the right person to
settle down with, and raising a family. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, at this point in
time Esteban is most likely motivated by a. | aesthetic needs | b. | belongingness
and love needs | c. | esteem needs | d. | the need for
self-actualization | | |
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28.
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According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved special
sensitivity to variations in the tendency to be reliable and ethical, which is closely associated
with which of the following Big Five personality traits? a. | neuroticism | b. | extraversion | c. | agreeableness | d. | conscientiousness | | |
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29.
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Projective tests such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test are designed to
assess a. | your mental
abilities | b. | your behavior patterns | c. | the way others
perceive you | d. | your characteristic concerns, conflicts, and
desires | | |
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Short Answer
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30.
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Describe how prior knowledge and belief perseverance could be involved in a
person’s unwillingness to change his or her mind about voting for a particular political
candidate even after hearing negative facts about that candidate. How might retrieval perspective be
used to change the person’s mind.
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31.
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What
does the psychological research say about the stability of measurement of IQs in infants, young
children, and adolescents? What does the research say about IQ throughout adulthood?
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