Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Graduate programs in psychology specify that entering students should have taken a
course in research methods or experimental psychology. They require such an undergraduate
course a. | so they can weed
out weak students. | b. | because they need students to do their research for
them. | c. | because they believe students should know how psychological
knowledge develops. | d. | so students will have one less required course to take in
graduate school. | | |
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2.
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Researchers recently documented the fact that after a terrorist attach, people who
refused to think about the horrible events and isolated themselves were at greater risk than others
of developing post-traumatic stress disorder. This fact relates to which goal of
science? a. | control | b. | description | c. | explanation | d. | prediction | | |
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3.
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A
good hypothesis about behavior can be a. | explained | b. | described | c. | created | d. | falsified | | |
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4.
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A
therapist wants to know as much about a client as possible in order to help the client resolve
troublesome issues. This is related to which goal of science? a. | control | b. | description | c. | explanation | d. | prediction | | |
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5.
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If
you defined the concept of happiness in a research project as the number of times a person
smiled in a given five-minute period, your measurement of happiness would be a. | public | b. | controlled | c. | scientific | d. | objective | | |
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6.
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When
your professor informs you of fact and theory based on research, you develop a belief system that is
consistent with that information. Your beliefs are based on a. | authority | b. | experience | c. | a priori
method | d. | science | | |
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7.
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One
of the problems associated with knowledge based on experience is that a. | our own
experiences might not generalize to others. | b. | the use of
logical deductions does not work in predicting behaviors. | c. | common knowledge
might be erroneous, even if many people believe in it. | d. | experiential
knowledge and scientific knowledge are usually very different from one
another. | | |
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8.
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The
research by Hugo Münsterberg on the question of whether women should sit on
juries a. | settled the
issue about women on juries by eliminating subjectivity in the choice of research questions asked.
| b. | reflects the
fact that research on controversial topics can be free of personal feelings of the
investigator. | c. | reflected cultural values in that he did not bother to ask
whether men should sit on juries. | d. | revealed the fact that we can’t get good information about
controversial research topics. | | |
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9.
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An
examination of ethical issues in research in the 20th century reveals
that a. | the Nazi
atrocities in World War II created the only major ethical problems in
research. | b. | there have been few notable problems in the last 20
years. | c. | there have been few notable problems in the last 20
years. | d. | psychological research has been among the most consistent
offenders regarding ethical problems. | | |
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10.
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Psychological research that is ethically very troublesome a. | was first
identified a century ago and continues to this day on a frequent basis. | b. | is fairly rare,
with the most frequent examples having occurred several decades ago. | c. | involves
falsifying or fabricating data in up to half of the research associated with competitive federal
grants. | d. | involves falsifying or fabricating data in up to half of the
research associated with competitive federal grants. | | |
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11.
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Which
of the General Principles of the American Psychological Association relates to maximizing the
positive outcomes and minimizing negative outcomes of work? a. | fidelity and
responsibility | b. | integrity | c. | respect for
people’s rights and dignity | d. | beneficence and nonmaleficence | | |
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12.
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If a
psychologist testified in a courtroom about research that he or she conducted, exaggerating the
importance and validity level of the results would be in violation of which General Ethical Principle
of the American Psychological Association? a. | justice. | b. | respect for
people’s rights | c. | integrity | d. | fidelity and
responsibility | | |
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13.
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The
final segment of a research session involves a. | discussing the data with the research participant so the
participants understand the reasons for doing the study | b. | clearing up any
deception used and eliminating potential sources of negative feelings among
participants. | c. | making sure that participants have given informed
consent. | d. | reviewing the basic points of the Nuremburg Code for the
participants. | | |
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14.
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When
participants in Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies left the research session, they had been
told that they had been deceived about the nature of the study. Because the participants might
have experienced potentially serious distress after the study, Milgram arranged for visits with a
psychiatrist. This process was called a. | dehoaxing. | b. | desensitization. | c. | compensatory followup. | d. | informed
consent. | | |
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15.
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Research may not require approval by an Institutional Review Board if a. | participants can
be identified for possible compensatory followup. | b. | it involves
observation of public behaviors. | c. | the participants are friends or acquaintances of the
researcher. | d. | it involves people who voluntarily disclose illegal
behaviors. | | |
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16.
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Milgram defended the ethics of his research by noting that a. | he sought expert
advice from psychiatrists on possible participant behaviors before he started the
research. | b. | his participants delivered only mild shocks to the learner in
the study. | c. | compensatory followup showed that at the end of the study,
participants experienced negative effects but that the effects had disappear within two
years. | d. | the dependent attitude of the participants would protect them
from any negative effects of taking part in the study. | | |
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17.
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If
you are conducting research and decide to give a false cover story so a participant doesn’t know
the true nature of the study, you are using a. | technical deception | b. | active
deception | c. | passive deception | d. | implicit
deception | | |
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18.
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The
use of animals in psychological research a. | is accepted by few contemporary
psychologists. | b. | has been on the rise for the past several years in
psychology. | c. | has decreased in psychology, with many psychology departments
eliminating their animal facilities. | d. | is accepted by faculty but usually not by
students. | | |
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19.
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When
you conduct research and ask people to recall behaviors a. | they are likely
to provide remember information relating to everyday life very well, but past information
poorly. | b. | people are often inaccurate in responding to easy questions
like whether they own an automobile or have a library card. | c. | if you ask
direct and simple questions, people’s memories are usually highly accurate, even for events in
the distant past. | d. | asking questions about controversial and highly visible topics
generally leads to the most accurate recall. | | |
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20.
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In
the past several decades, the dominant theoretical approach that has generated research ideas has
been a. | behavioral. | b. | neuroscientific. | c. | cognitive | d. | psychoanalytic. | | |
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21.
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If
you want to discover whether “Haste Makes Waste” or “He Who Hesitates Is Lost” is
a better description of the effects of human behavior, you could make an experimental test.
According to McGuire’s (1983) description of the development of research ideas, such an approach
would involve a. | studying
spontaneously occurring events. | b. | studying the validity of everyday beliefs and when they break
down. | c. | evaluating formal if-then statements. | d. | using previous
research as a stepping stone to new ideas. | | |
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22.
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There
are differences in the way we conduct laboratory and internet-based research. The differences
include the fact that a. | actually carrying out the study on the internet requires less
time on the part of the experimenter than a laboratory study does. | b. | for internet
studies, the researcher has to be available more frequently because internet users can access the
research on the internet just about any time of the day, so the researcher needs to be available to
answer questions. | c. | laboratory research generally leads to more accurate recording
of data because paper data sheets are right in front of the researcher who can enter them into a
computerized database. | d. | because anybody can access the research on the internet, an
investigator can’t be certain that the sample is representative of the population, whereas this
isn’t a problem with laboratory studies. | | |
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23.
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When
a research replicates earlier work, one reason is to see if variables were selected appropriately so
that the results are meaningful. This issue involves the question of a. | reliability | b. | exact replication | c. | Type I and II
errors | d. | construct validity | | |
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24.
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The
process by which scientists try to guarantee that only high quality research results appear in
journals involves getting experts to evaluate the work, a process called a. | construct
validity. | b. | peer review. | c. | the literature
review. | d. | conceptual review. | | |
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25.
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If
you wanted to get an overall idea of the nature of a research report written in the style of the
American Psychological Association, you would read the a. | abstract | b. | introduction | c. | discussion | d. | references | | |
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26.
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The
detailed statistics of a report written in APA style are in what section? a. | abstract | b. | method | c. | results | d. | appendix | | |
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27.
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The
research that suggested that listening to Mozart’s music could enhance intelligence was shown
not to be reliable a. | because the details of the research report were not sufficient
for other researchers to identify participant behaviors. | b. | except among
people with considerable knowledge of music. | c. | after the
researchers identified problems with their methodology. | d. | because other
researchers tried to replicate the results, but couldn’t. | | |
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Short Answer
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28.
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How
do description, prediction, explanation, and control in science differ from casual observation in
everyday life?
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29.
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What
types of research can be exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) consideration, according to
U.S. federal law?
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