Fundamentals of Biology: Lecture Outline - Chapter 2

Chemical Foundations of Cells

Elements: fundamental forms of matter

Proportions of elements in -

Earth's crust:

Human:

Pumpkin:

 

Atom

- smallest unit of matter that

 

Made up of:

  1. protons
  2. neutrons
  3. electrons

 

Structure of Atoms

 

Atomic Number

Mass number

 

Hydrogen

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

 

Isotopes

- atoms with the same number of protons

Radioisotopes

Uses in medicine:

 

 

Electrons and Energy Levels

- electrons repel

- attract

- are arranged in

     

    Each orbital contains 1 or 2 electrons

     

    1st shell

    2nd shell

 

Using the shell model, draw an atom of the four most common elements in the human body.

 

 

 

Chemical bonds:

- union between atoms

 

Molecule -

 

Mixture -

 

      IONIC BONDING

      Ion - positively or negatively charged

      Ionic bond - mutual attraction

       

      COVALENT BONDING

      - holds together 2 atoms that share

      non-polar

      polar

       

      HYDROGEN BONDING

      - atom or molecule interacts weakly with hydrogen atom

 

Properties of Water

 

    1. Polarity

      2.  

       

    2. Temperature-stabilizing effects

      3.  

       

    3. Cohesion





    4. Solvent properties

 

 

Acids, Bases, Salts

- water breaks apart forming ions

 

Acids - give up

Bases - release

Salts - ionic compound

 

pH Scale

- measures hydrogen ion concentration

 

Neutral

 

Acidic

 

Basic

 

Buffers - help maintain pH

 

Maintaining blood pH

- carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system

 

Carbonic acid <--> Bicarbonate ion + hydrogen ion

 

 

Case History:

- 35 year old man in a car accident

- restless and confused, gasping

- heart rate + blood pressure

- blood tests

Is his blood acidic or basic?

 

Acidosis

 

Treatment

 

Another form of acidosis = metabolic

 

Treatment

 

Alkalosis

Respiratory

 

Metabolic

 

 

Review of Chapter 2

Review Questions 1-8 (p. 33)

Self quiz 1-7

Critical thinking #2