Fundamentals of Biology: Lecture Outlines - Chapter 3

Carbon Compounds in Cells

 

Organic compounds consist of -

 

Atomic number of carbon =

Number of electrons in outer shell =

Number of electrons needed to fill outer shell =

Carbon can share pairs of electrons with up to

 

Hydrocarbons -

 

Functional Groups -

 

Examples of Functional Groups (See Fig. 3.5)

 

1. Hydroxyl

 

2. Methyl

 

3. Carbonyl: Aldehyde

 

4. Carbonyl: Ketone

 

5. Carboxyl

 

6. Amino

 

7. Phosphate

 

8. Sulfhydryl

 

How Do Cells Use Organic Compounds?

 

Enzymes

 

5 Categories of Reactions:

 

  1. Functional-group transfer

    2.  

  2. Electron transfer

    3.  

     

  3. Rearrangement

    4.  

  4. Condensation

    5.  

    monomer =

    polymer =

  5. Cleavage

 

Macromolecules of Life:

A. CARBOHYDRATES

    - simple sugar

    - ratio of C:H:O

     

    Monosaccharides

     

    Oligosaccharides

     

    Polysaccharides

     

     

B. LIPIDS

    - greasy or oily

     

    Fatty acids

     

    Saturated fats

     

    Unsaturated fats

     

    Neutral fats

    - Triglycerides

     

    Phospholipids

     

    Sterols

     

    Waxes

     

C. PROTEINS

- form enzymes,

- polymers of amino acids

 

Amino acids = small organic molecule

Protein structure

1. Primary Structure =

 

2. Secondary Structure =

 

3. Tertiary Structure =

 

4. Quaternary Structure =

 

 

Protein Denaturation

- break weak bonds and disrupt 3-D shape

 

D. NUCLEOTIDES

Each nucleotide has 3 parts:

 

 

ATP (adenosine phosphates)

Nucleotide coenzymes

Nucleic acids

 

Review of Chapter 3

Review Questions 1-7

Self Quiz 1-8

Critical thinking #3