Fundamentals of Biology: Lecture Outlines - Chapter 38: Circulation
Blood Typing
- "self" markers = antigens
- donor cells recognized as foreign
- antibodies
Agglutination = clumping
Blood Type / Antigen / Antibody / Can give blood to:
A
B
AB
O
Rh typing ("rhesus factor")
Problem when:
Rh negative woman has baby with Rh positive man
- her body will mount defense against fetus
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
Pulmonary circuit:
- right ventricle
- pulmonary trunk
- right and left pulmonary arteries
- capillary beds of lungs
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
Systemic circuit:
- left ventricle
- aorta
- rest of body
- superior or inferior vena cava
- right atrium
Hepatic Portal vein
- from small intestines to liver
HEART
- 2 atria receive blood
- 2 ventricles pump blood
- atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
- semilunar valves (SL valves)
Pericardium
- double-layered
- pericarditis = inflammation
Heart wall
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
Cardiac Cycle:
SYSTOLE
DIASTOLE
Atria relax
Pressure opens
Blood into
Atria contract
Ventricles contract
- closes
- opens
Blood leaves heart
Ventricles relax
How do valves work?
- act passively
- AV valves prevent
- when ventricles relaxed
- as ventricles contract
- chordae tendinae attached to papillary mm.
SL valves prevent
- as ventricles contract
- when ventricles relax
Conduction system
- 1% of cardiac cells
- initiate and propagate
- starts at SA node
- passes to AV node
- then to AV bundle
Blood Vessels:
- Artery
- Arteriole
- Capillary
- Vein
Blood Pressure = fluid pressure imparted on blood by heart
Systolic 120 / Diastolic 80
Arterioles resist flow:
Vasoconstriction -
Vasodilation -
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Controlling Blood Pressure
- Cardiac output = rate and strength of heart beats
- Total resistance
- Baroreceptor reflex
- in carotid aa. and
- overall control in medulla oblongata
- adjusts
- long term controls by
Capillary Function:
- increased area
- more time for diffusion
Movement Across Capillary:
1. Diffusion
2. Endocytosis
3. Pass between cells
Ultrafiltration - movement of plasma out into interstitial fluid
- favored when:
Reabsorption - movement into capillary
- near end
- plasma has greater
Venous Pressure
- large diameter
- low resistance
- valves
- blood reservoirs
- skeletal muscles squeeze blood
- breathing
HEMOSTASIS - repair
- tissue damage
- muscle spasm
- platelet plug formation
- prothrombin converted to thrombin
- acts on fibrinogen forming fibrin
- fibrin forms a net
Hemophilia
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
- lymph =
Functions of system:
1. return excess fluid
2. transport fat
3. take foreign cells and debris to nodes
- lymph capillaries
- have flap-like valves
- lead to nodes, vessels - ducts - empty into veins
Lymphoid Organs:
Lymph Nodes
- contain lymphocytes
- recognize foreign substances
Spleen
- filters
- removes old
Thymus gland
- where T lymphocytes
- also produces hormones
Review
Review Questions 1-5
Self quiz 1-11
Critical thinking # 2