Fundamentals of Biology: Lecture Outline - Chapter 4

Cell Structure and Function

The cell is the smallest living thing

All cells start out with:

    1

    2

    3

 

Cell Membranes

- lipid bilayer

-- hydrophilic + hydrophobic

 

 

Why are most cells small? Surface-to-Volume Ratio

 

 

 

- if a cell grows 4 times wider

- volume increases by

- surface area increased by

 

 

Eukaryotic Cells

- include plants, animals

Organelles -

 

Nucleus:
    1. Isolates
    2. Outer membranes

     

Nuclear envelope:

- 2 lipid bilayers

 

Nucleolus:

 

 

Chromosomes:

 

Chromatin:

 

The Cytomembrane System

 

Endoplasmic reticulum

Rough E.R.

Smooth E.R.

 

 

Golgi Bodies

 

Vesicles: Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

 

 

 

 

Mitochondria

- ATP production

- double membrane

 

*mito. contain DNA

 

-Mitochondrial disorder - "Leigh's syndrome"

 

(ref. http://www.neuro.wustl.edu)

 

Specialized Plant organelles:

Chloroplasts

 

ENDOSYMBIOSIS

 

 

Central Vacuole

 

The Cytoskeleton

- interconnected system of fibers and threads

 

Microtubules

 

Microfilaments

 

Intermediate filaments

 

Clinical Application: Taxol

 

 

Cell Motility: Motor proteins

- kinesins and dyneins

- myosins

 

Kinesins - 2 helical domains

- 2 globular domains

- "walk" along microtubules

     

 

Flagella and Cilia

- "9+2 array"

- Dynein arms

Clinical Disorder: Kartegener's Syndrome

- dynein arms do not form properly

Prokaryotic Cells (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)

- "before the nucleus"

- no membrane-bound organelles

Gram stain - positive

- negative

 

 

Review of Chapter 4

Review Questions 1, 3-12

Self Quiz 1-6

Critical thinking #2