- aerobic

- anaerobic

Summary Equation:

1. Glycolysis
2. Prep. steps + Kreb's Cycle
3. Electron Transport Phosphorylation

- enzymes in

1. Add phosphate to glucose

 

2. Enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons from PGAL

 

 

3. "Substrate level phosphorylation"

At the end of glycolysis you have:

- two 3 carbon pyruvates

- net gain of

- pyruvate enters mitochondrion

- is converted to

- gives off

- gives up hydrogens and electrons

 

Kreb's Cycle

- acetyl-CoA joins oxaloacetate

- forms 6 carbon

- cycle occurs twice

- 3 carbons enter

- 3 carbons leave

 

- transfer hydrogen ions and electrons

- produce

- rearrange intermediates into

 

TOTALS

• on inner mitochondrial

• coenzymes (NADH and FADH₂₎

• hydrogens flow back along gradient through ATP synthase (a type of transport protein)

  - drives formation of

• oxygen accepts the "spent" electrons

- 4 ATP form directly from

- 32 ATP form in E.T.P.

- for every NADH

- for every FADH₂

 

In cells - 36 ATP

In heart, liver and kidney cells - 38 ATP

- difference is ATP yield from NADH formed in glycolysis

• do not use
• fermentaton pathways
• glycolysis is first step
• pyruvate used to make

• common in bacteria,
• glucose converted into
• requires
• pyruvate then accepts

• pyruvate converted to lactate
• produces 4 ATP

NET YIELD =

• glucose converted into
• requires 2 ATP
• pyruvate accepts

• pyruvate converted to
• produces 4 ATP
• also yields 2

NET YIELD

• bacteria
• electrons stripped from
• move through
• final electron acceptor =
• net energy yield

Energy storage:

- 1%

- 78%

- 21%

Energy from fats:

• most stored fat =
• enzymes break apart

• glycerol is converted to PGAL
• intermediate in

• fatty acids broken apart into 2 carbon fragments - acetyl-CoA
• enter

Energy from proteins:

• amino group broken off to form

• carbon backbones can enter as:
  • pyruvate

   

Review

Review questions 1-7

Self quiz 1-9