FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY: What do you need to know for the final lab practical test?
Lab practicals: Dec. 6-9 during your regular lab period.
If you have a documented conflict (religious, medical or college-sponsored event) you must discuss it with your lab instructor the week beforehand and you may be allowed to reschedule the test for another lab section during that week. Lab rooms have limited space (20 seats for the test) so you must come to your regular lab section unless you have permission from both instructors to attend a different session. Each lab group is given a different test so there is no advantage to going later in the week. The last test is given at 1:00 pm on Thursday.
The test will be administered in CNS Rm. 102. There will be NO access to Rm. 102 during the test week. Your lab instructor will tell you what time and where you should meet before the test (lab groups will come at staggered times - one group begins the test at start of lab period while other group begins it 45 minutes later).
Review materials will be available in an "open lab" from 9:00 am-5:00 pm M-F in CNS Rm. 105 beginning Friday Dec. 3rd. Treat all specimens with respect in the "open" labs and return all pigs, brains and hearts to the appropriate containers before you leave. Do not remove specimens from the room. Leave room clean and tidy. The last person out should close the door (fire regulations) and turn out the lights (help to conserve energy).
The test is a "bell-ringer" with 40 points total (approx. 10 points per lab from last four lab sessions). Twenty stations will be set up around the room. You will have 2 minutes per station to answer the questions written on cards. Answers will be one or several words in length (no essay questions). Some questions refer to actual specimens, others will be fill-in-the-blanks or diagrams. There is NO "going back" at the end of the test. You will have several minutes to remain in your seat and look over your answers. Extra time at stations will NOT be allowed unless you are diagnosed with a disability that requires special accomodation through the Office of Academic Support Services for Students with Disabilities. Please speak to your lab instructor ASAP if this applies to you.
Tests will be handed back at the lecture final exam (Friday. Dec. 17th)
Lab 17 Nervous System and Senses:
1. Define central, peripheral nervous systems, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron.
2. Be able to locate the following on a sheep brain and the human brain diagram / model and state a function for: lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, diencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus cerebellum, cerebrum, corpus callosum lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal cranial nerves - I olfactory, II optic, III oculomotor (for cranial nerves you need to state roman numeral and name), central sulcus, optic chiasma, pituitary gland, olfactory bulb
3. State 2 general differences in the structure of the brain between sheep and humans.
4. Trace the path of a reflex arc. Explain the ankle and knee-jerk reflexes.
5. Identify the gray and white matter on the spinal cord slide, diagram or model. What is in each?
6. Identify the main parts of the human eye (on model or diagram), know their functions and be able to trace the path of light through the eye. Know sclera, cornea, choroid, retina, rods, cones, fovea centralis, lens, ciliary body, iris, pupil, anterior and posterior compartements, humors (aqueous and vitreous) optic nerve II, blind spot
7. Define accommodation, refraction, presbyopia, near point.
8. Identify the main parts of the human ear (on model or diagram), know their functions and be able to trace the path of sound. tympanum, malleus, incus, stapes, cochlea, semicircular canals.
9. Identify the structures in human skin (slide, model or diagram). subcutaneous layer, adipose, dermis, epidermis, hair follicle, oil gland, sweat gland, sensory receptors.
10. Describe adaptation of the temperature receptors in the hand.
11. Know that there are taste receptors for the four sensations - sweet, sour, salt, bitter located on various regions of the tongue (depends on the individual as to exact location)
12. Name another chemoreceptor other than taste. How does this affect your sense of taste?
13. Answer review questions on page 230.
Lab 18 Musculoskelatal system
1. Know the three different types of muscle. Define musculoskeletal, origin, insertion, antagonistic pairs. Know specific functions, origins and insertions for the biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles.
2. Know the anatomy of a long bone - periosteum, epiphyses, diaphysis, articular cartilage, medullary cavity
3. Identify the structures on the slide of compact bone - osteons, lamellae, matrix, lacunae, central canal, canaliculi, osteocytes. Identify structures on spongy bone slide - lacunae, matrix. Identify structures on hyaline cartilage slide - lacunae, matrix, chondrocytes
4. Know the parts of the axial skeleton and be able to identify them: foramen magnum, bones of the skull - frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, mandible, maxillae, palatine, zygomatic, nasal vertebrae - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx ribs
5. Know the parts of the appendicular skeleton and be able to identify them: pectoral girdle - clavicles, scapulae humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges pelvic girdle - coxal bones (+ differences between male and female skeletons) femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
6. Know the actions of the following muscles (action + joint) and identify them on the "3-dimensional man" poster, model or a diagram: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, sartorius, adductor longus, iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, quadriceps femoris, hamstring group.
7. Demonstrate flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion.
8. Distinguish between isometric and isotonic contractions.
9.Describe the anatomy of skeletal muscle tissue down to the microscopic structure of the sarcomere.
10. What are the functions of myosin, actin, potassium/magnesium salts, ATP in muscle contraction? Describe the controls you used for your experiment to test these.
11. Answer review questions on p. 244
Lab 12 Basic Mammalian Anatomy I + Lab 15 (to end of p. 191) Urogenital Systems (pig dissection)
1. Identify the external structures on a fetal pig and distinguish male from female: male (urogenital opening, scrotal sac and anus) female (genital papilla, urogenital opening, anus) digit, wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle, knee, hip nipples, umbilical cord, tongue, nose, eyelid, external ear, head, trunk, tail
2. What is the function of the umbilical cord?
3. In the oral cavity identify: teeth, hard palate, soft palate, epiglottis, glottis, esophagus, nasopharynx, tongue
4. In the neck region and thoracic cavity identify: larynx, trachea, thymus gland, thyroid gland pericardium, left and right ventricles, left and right atria, ribs, right lung, left lung
5. Between the thoracic and abdominal cavities locate the diaphragm
6. In the abdominal cavity identify and state the functions of the: liver, gall bladder, bile duct, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, mesentery, large intestine, cecum, rectum, anus, pancreas, spleen
7. Know the human organs (Fig. 12.7) (location and function)
8. In the urinary system identify and give a function for the: kidneys, peritoneum, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder on both male and female pigs
9. Know the parts of the kidney - renal pelvis, renal cortex, renal medulla, nephron
10. Know the parts and functions of the male reproductive system. testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral glands, scrotal sacs, inguinal canal
11. Know the parts and functions of the female reproductive system. ovary, uterine horn, body of uterus, vagina, urogenital sinus, genital papilla
12. Answer review questions on pages 156 + 198 questions 1-12, 17, 18
Lab 13 Cardiovascular System (pig dissection)
1. Know the difference between arteries, arterioles, veins, venules and capillaries
2. Be able to trace the path of blood in the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
3. Know the major arteries and veins to the heart, head, arms, kidney, legs, and intestines (Table 13.1).
4. List the 5 unique features of human fetal circulation (Table 13.2).
5. Compare the fetal and adult circulation with respect to vessel with highest oxygen, passage from right to left, entrance of blood into aorta and area of gas exchange (Table 13.3).
6. On the sheep heart be able to identify: right and left ventricles, right and left atria, apex coronary vessels (veins and arteries) aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, superior and inferior vena cavae pulmonary veins right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid), left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid) pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles
7. Trace the path of blood through the heart from venae cavae on one side and from lungs on the other (note the valves).
8. In the thoracic cavity and neck identify the arteries (a) coronary arteries, aorta, brachiocephalic artery, left and right subclavian a., left and right brachial a., left and right common carotid a., pulmonary trunk, dorsal aorta
9. In the thoracic cavity and neck identify the veins (v) superior (anterior) vena cava, brachiocephalic v., left and right subclavian v., left and right brachial v., left and right internal jugular v., left and right external jugular v.
10. In the abdominal cavity identify the arteries (a) celiac artery, anterior mesenteric a., left and right renal a, spermatic or ovarian a, left and right external iliac a., left and right femoral artery, umbilical a.
11. In the abdominal cavity identify the veins (v) inferior (posterior) vena cava, left and right renal v, spermatic or ovarian v, right and left common iliac v, right and left femoral v., umbilical vein
*make sure you state whether a vessel is an artery (red) or a vein (blue)
12. Identify an artery and a vein on a microscope slide. Why do veins have valves? What type of vessel has thicker walls? Which type is more apt to lose its elasticity and what is this called?
13. Answer review questions p. 170
This page is maintained by Kit Muma. Please address any comments to her at: muma@ithaca.edu
Last updated: November 2 2004