Lecture Test #2 is Wednesday October 27 from 9:00-9:50 am
It covers the material I lectured on from Chapter 6 (Metabolism) on to the end of Chapter 13 (DNA)
Metabolism (Chapter 6), Cellular Respiration (Chapter 8), Mitosis/ Meiosis (Chapter 9+10), Inheritance (Chapter 11) + DNA structure (Chapter 13)
It will be a similar format to the last test:
40 points multiple choice (bring a pencil to fill in the computer sheet - remember to check your lab section and to fill in you ID number)
20 points short answer (which will include a "Punnett square" genetics problem involving 2 traits for 5 points)
Tuesday afternoon lab groups (04+05) will write in their lab rooms like last time, everyone else writes in the lecture hall (Textor 102). See Kit if you want to request to write in the lab room instead of the lecture hall - there are a few spare seats.
Review session Tuesday, October. 26th at 7:00-9:00 pm (CNS 112 - contact Rebekah or Anthony for details)
Chapter 6
2. State the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Does life violate the second law?
3. Define and give an example of potential energy.
4. Give examples of potential energy involved in (a) mechanical work, (b) chemical work
5. Make a simple diagram of the ATP molecule. Highlight which parts can be transferred to another molecule.
6. What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?
7. Define: metabolic pathway, substrate/reactant, intermediate, end product. Is photosynthesis a biosynthetic (anabolic) pathway?
8. What is and electron transfer chain and how does it work?
9. Describe 4 key features of enzymes.
10. Define activation energy, then state 4 ways in which enzymes may lower it.
11. Define feedback inhibition as it relates to the activity of an allosteric enzyme.
+ Self-quiz 1-9
Chapter 8
1. True or false? Aerobic respiration occurs in animals but not plants, which make ATP only by photosynthesis.
2. Using the diagram on p. 147, fill in the blanks with the number of molecules of ATP formed in each stage of aerobic respiration.
3. Is glycolysis energy-requiring or energy-releasing or both?
4. In what respect does electron transfer phosphorylation differ from substrate-level phosphorylation?
5. Sketch the double-membrane system of the mitochondrion and show where electron transfer chains and ATP synthases are located.
6. Name the compound that is the entry point for the Kreb's cycle and state whether it directly accepts the pyruvate from glycolysis. For each glucose molecule, how many carbon atoms enter the Kreb's cycle? How many depart from it and in what molecular form?
7. True or false? Muscle cells cannot contract at all when deprived of oxygen. Explain.
+ Self-quiz 1-9
Chapter 9
1. Define mitosis and meiosis. Does either one divide the cytoplasm?
2. Define somatic and germ cell.
3. What are chromosomal proteins? How do they interact with the DNA molecule?
4. What is a chromosome called when it is in the unduplicated state? In the duplicated state (with 2 sister chromatids)?
5. Describe microtubular spindle and its functions. What role do motor proteins play in its operation?
6. Using the diagram on p. 161, name and describe the key features of the stages of mitosis?
7. Briefly explain how cytoplasmic division differs between a plant and an animal cell.
+ Self-quiz 1-8
Chapter 10
1. If the diploid chromosome number for a fruit fly is 8 - how many chromosomes will be in a fruit fly gamete?
2. A diploid germ cell has four pairs of homologous chromosomes - AA BB CC and DD. Which chromosomes will be present in the gametes?
3. Look at the chromosomes in the diagram on p. 175 - Is this cell in anaphase of mitosis, anaphase I of meiosis or anaphase II of meiosis? How can you tell?
4. Define meiosis and describe what happens in each stage. In what respects is meiosis NOT LIKE mitosis?
5. Actor Michael Douglas inherited a gene from each parent that influences the presence of a chin dimple (see picture on p. 175). What is the name for alternate forms of the same gene?
6. Outline the main steps by which gametes form in animals.
7. Genetically speaking, what is the key difference between the outcomes of sexual and asexual reproduction?
Self-quiz 1-9 + Critical Thinking 2
Chapter 11
1. Distinguish between gene and allele, dominant and recessive alleles, homozygote and heterozygote and genotype and phenotype.
2. What is a true-breeding lineage? A hybrid?
3.Distinguish between monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross and test cross.
4. Do segregation and independent assortment occur in mitosis, meiosis or both?
5. In the bell-shaped curve on p. 192 showing continuous variation - what do the bars and curved line represent?
+ Self-quiz 1-8
+ Critical Thinking 1-15 (Genetics problems)
Chapter 13
1. Name the three molecular parts of a nucleotide n DNA. What are the 4 bases in these nucleotides?
2. What kind of bond joins two DNA strands in a double helix? Which nucleotide base pairs with adenine? With guanine?
3. Explain how DNA molecules can show both constancy and variation from one species to the next.
+ Self-quiz 1-7, Critical Thinking 1 + 2
Here are some questions from the lecture test last year:
Short answer:
1. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation. They work best at optimal pH and temperatures. List 2 other key features of all enzymes (2 points)
2. New combinations of alleles result during meiosis. List 2 events that lead to this variation and at what stages of meiosis they occur (2 points).
3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate numbers referring to aerobic respiration in MOST cells (2 points)
Glycolysis: 2 NADH yields _____ ATP through electron transport phosphorylation (ETP)
Prep. steps: ___ NADH yields 6 ATP through ETP
Krebs ___ NADH yields 18 ATP through ETP
2 FADH2 yields _____ ATP through ETP
4. Chargaff's data suggested the base pairing in DNA. What other data did Watson and Crick have that helped confirm the base pairing and what was the experimental technique used? (hint: Rosiland Franklin)
5. In squirrels, color arises the same way as it does in labrador retriever dogs through an interaction between two pairs of genes. Allele "B" (black) is dominant to allele "b" (brown). Allele "E" promotes deposition of pigment in hairs but double recessive "ee" blocks deposition and produces a yellow/blonde squirrel. Three different colors are possible: B_E_ (black), bbE_ (brown) and _ _ ee (yellow). Using the symbols provided, draw a Punnett square a black squirrel of the genotype BBEe with a brown squirrel of the genotype bbEe. Show the proportions of all genotypes and phenotypes in the F1 offspring (5 points)
Multiple Choice:
1. NAD+ and FAD are: A. coenzymes B. metal ions, C. allosteric enzymes D. both A and B
2. The pH at which pepsin is most active is around: A. 6-7, B. 1-2, C. 8-9, D. 13-14, E. pepsin is NOT affected by pH
3. Glycolysis starts and ends in the: A. nucleus, B. mitochondrion, C. plasma membrane, D. cytoplasm, E. chloroplast
4. Fermentation pathways: A. do not use oxygen, B. have a net yield of 2 ATP, C. form pyruvate, D. convert pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol, E. all of the above are true.
5. Our bodies take in glycerol from the breakdown of triglycerides and convert it to ____________A. fatty acids, B. PGAL, C. acetyl-CoA, D. urea, E. pyruvate
6. Which of the following happens during prophase of mitosis? A. nuclear envelope starts to break down, B. sister chromatids move apart, C. all duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator, D. homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material, E. all of the above.
7. Earthworms has 18 pairs of homologous chromosomes. How many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are there at the metaphase I plate? A. 18, B. 36, C 18X18, D. 2 to the power 18, E. 2 to the power 23
8. Assuming complete dominance, the offspring of the cross AA X Aa will show a phenotypic ratio of: A. 3:1, B. 1:1, C. 1:2:1, D. 9:3:3:1, E. none of the above, they will all have the same phenotype
9. A man has blood type B and his wife has blood type A. What are the possible blood types of their children? A. A and B only, B. O only, C. AB only, D. A, B, AB or O are all possible
10. Hershey and Chase used bacteriophages to show that: A.DNA base pairing rules are constant for all organisms, B. base pairs differ between organisms, C. DNA is the genetic material of a certain type of virus, D. heating bacteria kill them but do not destroy their genetic material, E. all of the above were demonstrated by Hershey and Chase.
11. What is the base pair sequence that is complementary to GATTACA? A. GATTACA, B. AGCCGTG, C. CTAATGT, D. CUAAUGU, E. GAUUACA