Cross, D. Effects of False Increasing, Decreasing, and True Electromyographic Biofeedback on the Frequency of Stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 2, (1977) 109-116

Adults stutterers received auditory feedback of laryngeal area muscle activity while reading aloud under three conditions: (1) False Increasing Feedback, (2) False Decreasing Feedback, and (3) True Feedback. The subjects were unaware that the feedback in two conditions was being altered and were instructed not to manipulate the feedback signal. Decreases in the frequency of stuttering were observed for both the false increase and true feedback conditions. Factors contributing to the effectiveness of biofeedback techniques with stutterers are discussed.